Mining equipment and processing it using a lot of crushers and other mining equipment. The mining process also has an environmental impact on its surroundings

Content

1. A Brief History of Mining and Mining Machines.
2. Reduce the environmental impact of mining.

The machine extracts minerals and geological materials from the earth

In general, mining refers to the extraction of minerals and geological materials from the earth, the rock or the seal. Nowadays, mining retains various elements because these materials are not cultivated, converted into agriculture or artificially created. Precious metals, coal, diamonds and gold are excellent examples. Non-renewable sources such as natural gas, oil and even water are also being promoted. The use of suitable mining equipment realizes the difficult and difficult task of mining.

Prehistoric mines

The primitive civilization has used the country's resources through mining for various purposes. Most minerals and early mines were used for the production of weapons and other tools. At this time, high-quality flint, which consists of sedimentary rocks, has already been sought in parts of Europe. They were used as weapons in the Stone Age. Despite limited mining equipment, Neanderthals were able to extract and manufacture improvised tools.





Because of their wealth and power, the ancient Egyptian civilization was one of the first to succeed in mining minerals. They used malachite and gold. Green stones were mainly used for ceramics and ornaments. Later, the Egyptians began mining minerals that were not found in their land. Using iron tools as mining equipment, they searched for minerals, mainly Nubian gold. Fire suppression has been a popular method of extracting gold from minerals. The rock containing the mineral is placed against a rock surface for heating and then sprayed with water. The installation of fire was perhaps the most popular method at the time.

It is the Romans who have made great progress in the history of mining. They were the first to use large-scale extraction methods. As water volume for the operation of simple machines, for the removal of deposits, etc. This is referred to as hydraulic or hydraulic mining. It is a form of mining in which stones and other debris are moved with high pressure water shocks.

In the 1300s, the demand for metal for swords, armor and other weapons increased dramatically. Other minerals such as iron and silver were largely recovered. The demand for coins has risen so much that money shortages have emerged. During this time, iron became an indispensable element of building construction. Machines and other mining machines have become common.

From mining mines, water mills and black dust have become bulldozers, explosives, trucks, etc. Other technological innovations, such as the use of green light lasers in the mines for sawing and machine alignment, help miners in quarries.

The prehistoric tools now use the large machines to offload the land efficiently and quickly. They are also used to break and remove rocks, even mountains. Custom engineering teams are now involved in the mining of various valuable minerals and other bedding materials such as plaster and salt.

Today, there are five categories of mining: coal, metal ore, non-metallic mining, oil and gas production. Oil and gas production remains one of the largest industries in the world.

Pollution from mining has always been controversial

Many years ago, those familiar with the degradation process know that this practice has caused great damage to the environment in the past. One of the main causes of this situation is the fact that fossil fuels are not renewable. As a result, many mining companies have experienced controversy over pollution in local communities.

Fortunately, things have developed positively in recent years as more and more mining companies have a genuine interest in promoting green practices in their operations. This, of course, in coordination with government agencies and other interested organizations.

For example, large mining companies took the initiative to plant trees in quarries, on old mines, on undeveloped land, on the roadside and even near their offices. Some of them even set goals (eg planting 2,000 trees a year) to measure their progress while having a significant impact.

In addition, some companies around the world have discovered that the waste they recover during production can be used to build houses. Although coal mines often contaminate the water, the cleaning process produces gypsum, a material that can be used to make high quality bricks that are ideal for housing.

Another improvement in all mining operations is the effort to ensure that the extraction of diamonds and other precious stones is always ethical. In addition, recycled metals are used in jewellery making.

In addition, mining companies have partnered with energy management companies to help less-developed countries develop effective mining plans with less environmental impact. Appropriate practices will be taught and the use of modern tools and machinery will be encouraged. Of course, miners use safety equipment and equipment to avoid potential risks.

While advances in mining technology have mainly promoted large-scale operations, experts have repeatedly pointed out that small-scale mining is not as dangerous to the environment, making it a viable option for those wishing to explore the area , To achieve the desired results, conventional extraction methods (such as washing gold fragments with gravel water) can be used. Deep excavation and the use of chemicals are not required for this type of process.

Coal has been made from plant and animal matter for millions of years, but unlike oil, coal is solid, so miners must go ashore to win. Coal seams are near the surface, which facilitates the extraction of this resource.

Opencast mining generally uses open-pit mining, which is generally more profitable than underground mining and requires fewer workers to produce the same amount of coal. In open pit mines, workers use huge earth moving equipment such as electric shovels or pull lines to remove the soil layers and rock strata that cover the bed of coal.

Content

1. Coal mining method.
2. The coal industry and invest in it.
     2.1. The story of the use of coal.
     2.2. The process of coal mining.
     2.3. Invest in coal.

Mining is used for about 40% of global coal production

If coal deposits are close to the surface, it may be cheap to extract coal using this method. The different types of open pit mining are opencast mining, contour mining and mining.

Strip or surface extraction is more suitable for areas with flat terrain. Remove the charcoal by removing the soil in long cuts or strips above the carbon layer. When all the soil on the carbon layer is removed, the underlying carbon layer is exposed. The exposed carbon block can be drilled and dynamited. Once this strip is clear of coal, the tape extraction process is repeated with a new tape being made next to it.





The contour extraction method is the most commonly used technique in areas of rough or steep terrain. This method consists of removing the soil on the carbon layer following a pattern along the contours along a ridge or around a hill. This method can lead to significant landslide problems and erosion. To solve these problems, various methods have been developed to use newly reduced overheads to fill mining areas. Contour extraction is limited. If the operation reaches a predetermined compensation rate, it is not profitable to continue.

Coal mining at the summit of the mountain involves obtaining peaks to expose the coal seams and removing the associated mine overburden in nearby valleys and hole filling. This method combines surface extraction and contour belt methods.

Modern opencast mining processes recover a larger proportion of coal deposits than underground methods.
Underground mining is required if the coal seams are too deep. The main underground methods are Long wall, Continuous, Blast, Short wall and Retreat.

Long-term mining accounts for about 50% of underground production. He uses a sophisticated machine with a rotating drum that moves mechanically in a large layer of carbon. The elongated mining ensures a high production level with high safety. The sensors used in this extraction process help detect the amount of carbon remaining in the weld, while the robot controls improve the efficiency of the process.

Continuous mining is used for about 45% of underground coal production. It is used as a machine with a large rotating steel drum equipped with tungsten carbide teeth to scrape the carbon off the seam.

Mining in mining accounts for less than 5% of total underground production in the United States. UU Mining is an old practice that uses explosives such as dynamite to break the layer of coal. Then the broken coal is collected and loaded into wagons or load carriers and driven to a central loading area.

The short-wall extraction method is used for less than 1% of the deep-coal production. This method also uses a continuous suction machine with movable roof supports, similar to extraction with long pits.

The mining method uses carbon columns or ribs to support the mine roof. This method is one of the most dangerous extraction methods because it can not be predicted when the roof or roof will collapse and pinch or pinch the miners.

Bryan Peter is a publisher of coal mines. We offer the latest updates in mining, the extensive information on this site provide valuable information about the types of metals, minerals and gems and their properties.

Large-scale mining was introduced in the 18th century

Coal was first used as a household fuel until the industrial revolution became an integral part of production for power generation, transportation, heating and molding. The appearance of large-scale mining was introduced in the 18th century, and the UK was the first country to successfully use advanced coal mining techniques, including underground mining and mining. ,

Initially, the coal was removed from the surface by various methods such as drift and well extraction. This has been done for centuries, and since demand was quite low, these dismantling processes were more than enough to meet market demand.

However, as the practical use of coal as a fuel fueled an industrial revolution, demand for coal increased sharply, leading to a significant shortage of coal production and gradually opening the door to new methods of coal mining. the earth

Coal is still a popular fuel for all purposes, as it is abundant and can produce more energy in the mass than other conventional solid fuels such as wood. This was important in terms of transportation, power generation and manufacturing processes, which allowed the industry to take up less space and increase productivity. The use of coal began to decline as soon as almost all processes used alternative energies such as oil and gas. However, coal is still a major fuel for manufacturing processes.

Coal mining is a difficult and complex process

Coal is a natural resource, a fossil fuel produced by decades of destruction of plants and living organisms in the subsurface. Some are on the surface while other coal deposits are deep.

The mining or extraction of coal takes place in two different processes: surface extraction and deep excavation. The excavation method depends on several factors, such as: The depth of the underground coal bed, geological factors such as soil composition, topography, climate, resources available on site, etc.

Opencast mining is used to scrape off coal that is available on the surface or at depths of a few meters. This may even include mountains of coal that are extracted with explosives and blown into the mountains. Then the shattered coal is collected and processed.

Underground mining works use underground tunnels that are either built or excavated to reach the center of the coal deposit, from where the coal is dug and brought to the surface. This is possibly the most dangerous excavation method, in which the life of all miners is constantly in danger.

Investing in coal is a safe bet

There are still significant coal deposits in the world, and because of its popularity, coal continues to be used as fuel for the manufacturing process. Any investment you make in any type of industry or manufacturing process will ultimately depend on the amount of production that the industry can provide, the use of any form of fuel and, in most cases, coal. ,

It could be argued that the use of coal leads to less pollution and less stringent hygiene standards for coal miners. This may have been the case in the past few years. However, new coal mining companies are taking steps to minimize the environmental aspects of mining and coal utilization while providing a better working environment and a benefit package for their employees. If you find a mining company that promises all that and works lawfully, you can count on your investment in coal.

Building sand is a loose material with a grain size of up to 5 mm. To improve the quality it is sometimes enriched with gravel up to 3 mm. It must be sure that they belong to the 1st class of radioactivity. It is not allowed to react with water and bases.

Content

     1. How do you use the arena of the race?.
     2. Varieties and their technical characteristics..
     3. How do I get alluvial sand?.
     4. Application of washed sand.
     5. Properties of per-coated sand.
     6. Which sand is the best alluvial or purebred.

The planted washed sand has a homogeneous structure but contains inclusions of salts, humus and plant root particles, which are inferior to other building materials.

For this reason, it is used to build blends and landscaping processes where high quality is not required. Sometimes it is washed with hydro-mechanical devices for improvement, but it is also more expensive due to the additional energy consumption of building materials.

The place of storage and storage of sand obtained with a hydraulic alluvium: Alluvial map. The spread of water beyond its borders prevents the well from falling out of the local soil. Obvalyu excavators and excavators.

It would be a mistake to think that the sand was washed, alluvial and that the same material was washed.

They differ significantly:

The alluvial sand (river), which is extracted from the bottom of the river, contains polished rounded particles and is of high quality. Suitable for the construction, the glass production as well as for the establishment of a private house. The cost of 1 m3 of river sand in Moscow (including delivery) varies between 800 rubles.
The extracted sand is recovered by washing in the quarries. This is the most universal quality, it contains no clay, dust or organic substances, its edges are sharp and uneven, which is good for the adhesion of building materials. Suitable for various purposes: building construction, road construction. Like the river this type belongs to the most expensive sands, the price of 1 m3 of washed sand costs 800 rubles.
Flood - sandy soil in the form of excessively saturated quicksand

The sand is actively flushed with water using special hydro mechanical equipment, cleaning wastes and unnecessary item

To wash the sand you have to start your field, then wash the dough with high quality equipment and dry it with technical means. In several stages of the sand alluvium it is possible to obtain a high quality fine material for the construction of mixtures.

Washed sand is often used in the manufacture of paving slabs. Production of concrete mixtures with special resistance. in the drainage

Glass production; Manufacture of rings, blocks and other concrete products; Exterior design. It is often added to concrete mixes, line compositions, paints and gypsum. If you use sand mixtures for your own use, you must choose a concrete that is not inferior to the quality M300 and clear water. To accelerate the solution, plasticizers are added to the composition. Fine-grained quartz sand is used in road construction to produce wastewater and as an underlying layer.

The alluvial sand particles generally exceed not more than 0.6 mm, so that they can be used for plastering, laying high-quality road surfaces, the production of concrete and bricks.

In private buildings, the use of expensive sand is required for special permanent constructions: foundations, fences, solid walls, pillars, parking paths, swimming pools, fountains and others.

Modern construction requires high quality natural materials. Well washed particles do not adhere, they do not form lumps. The sand must be washed in places with low humidity and without strong wind. Otherwise, some sand will be deteriorated. It is possible to put sandy weight in canvas bags or bags. The sand package is 25 and 50 kg.

The prices of the sand depend on the type (river, laundry, seed), the filtration coefficient and the distance from the point of sale and the purchasing volume. The shipping costs are often included in the price. Coarse sand is cheaper because it is easier to handle.

There are big and small types of sand

The main feature of this material, the minimum content of mud and clay, does not exceed 0.3%. All elements of the alluvial mine sand do not exceed 2,2 mm. There are big and small types of sand. There are also differences in hues: from saturated gray to bright yellow. The stadium requires no special storage and transport conditions, it only needs to be protected from moisture and precipitation. Due to the minimal amount of impurities, the material is best suited for the construction of any complexity.

Types of alluvial land and quarry are commonly used

The impurities in the racing arena can be up to 30%, so their cost is much lower than the price of already washed sea or sand. The composition consists of up to a dozen different components: salt, humus, gypsum, root parts, large stones, etc. The main tone is clay (plastic sedimentary rock, which reduces the filtration coefficient and the strength of the concrete solution). A double treatment improves the sand quality and thus the costs. It uses untreated sand: as a foundation for the foundation, especially of low quality and for some road works.

A discussion topic that can lead to disparities between designers and confusion for users of crushing plants, but why and how are mechanical and hydraulic processes separate? Here is an idea of ​​this common question.

Content :

1. What is the best way to drive a mobile crusher?.
2. New type of mobile crusher

The advantage of the mobile crusher can be used according to the desired location

In general, the crusher would be powered by a V-belt directly from the diesel engine, which is decoupled by a mechanical clutch. Due to the immense inertia of the flywheels, it would be necessary for the operator to move the clutch lever to force the machine without stopping the engine.

It worked well and in many cases it is still a good solution if you only need a few days a day and poor performance all you need. However, the market is now saturated with other solutions and can be confusing. The users of the facility will know what works best for them.

By eliminating torque converters and diesel-electric hybrid drive solutions that have specific applications, but whose use is scarce due to their cost, industry is attracting the dry-clutch clutch and transmission to hydraulics.





Take, for example, the coupling from the dry plate! Screw it directly to the engine and attach a pulley to the output shaft to drive the V-belts. In terms of absolute efficiency, this process certainly has the least energy loss of all processes, if only the amount of fuel is considered.

Take the dry plate clutch for example! Bolt it straight onto the engine and hang a pulley on the output shaft to drive v-belts. In terms of absolute efficiency, this certainly has the lowest power loss of all methods if your only consideration is how much fuel you use.

The compensation is pure efficiency versus functionality

Can easily be moved

To provide a soft start clutch, computer controlled pilot systems are now the norm for modulating or "manipulating" the clutch (as the operator did by hand). Each start increases the temperature of the clutch disc, its heat capacity limits the number of starts per hour allowed.

Depending on the arrangement of the clutch mainshaft bearings, the limited lateral load capacity may make the clutch and motor susceptible to excessive tension on the drive belts. Since drive belts are forced to move the motor package, the correct tension can be difficult. In addition, the V-belt drive limits the available positions for engine installation.

Motor torsional vibrations can cause "micro-slip" which increases the operating temperature and leads to premature failure.

Since the mobile crusher can jam with variable size and feed quality, the grinding chamber of a direct drive machine must be manually cleaned so that a jam may occur. Attempting to start a chopper blocked by the clutch can cause serious damage. Although some computers can open the configuration to download some of the blocking hardware, it is unlikely that a restart will be possible without manual intervention.

The dry clutch occupies the main output of the main engine. A mobile crawler requires additional high torque output to drive the crawler pumps. This often leads to sophisticated designs that adapt to additional PTO requirements through external disc splitters, crankshaft drives and even front drives and cardan joints. The original accessories drive the accessories installed behind the engine, the hood raises the pumps, making it difficult to properly pump the pump into the inlet opening, and causing cavitation cold in the climate. ,

While the OEM cost of hydraulic transmission systems can surpass that of a dry clutch clutch, the system's main pump delivers hydraulic power to the crusher and crawler to move. The main pump occupies the main output of the main engine, and a secondary high torque sub-drive stage is not required, resulting in a very compact installation.

Since the mill drive is indirect, the position of the motor and pump assembly is not limited by the transmission. As a result, the engine can be mounted in the best position and orientation for efficient operation and maintenance. It should also not be forgotten that the breaker unit is only part of the system. An auxiliary drive system with waste can easily lose any efficiency gain achieved by the training method. Hydraulic drives have been used for some time by several major manufacturers for handling shredders and are very successful. The main advantages of a hydraulic system relate to greater flexibility in control and operation.

What is the difference between a hydraulic and a hydrostatic drive? In essence, a conventional open circuit hydraulic system draws oil from an oil tank via a high pressure pump and then drives the hydraulic motor. The engine return goes directly to the oil tank. This system allows the motor to be reversed with a control valve and is protected from overload by a pressure relief valve.

In the hydro static system, the high pressure oil from the pump enters the engine and then returns to the pump inlet in a continuous closed loop. That is, if the load is to run faster than the pump, the motor acts as a brake to maintain control. In this way, the shredder can not only be used by the system, but also slow down and stop.

After the machine has been stopped in an emergency, the jaw is now full of pebbles! A clutch machine should now be cleaned manually; However, the hydraulic machine can reverse the jaw rotation and start, the jaws are still filled, without risk of damage. Removing barriers is considered one of the most dangerous processes when using a jaw crusher. With the hydraulic blocking of the free space, this becomes a routine that can be removed and carried out with less danger. The regrinding effect can also be used to crush sensitive materials such as asphalt that can settle and block separation.

Exact control is also evident in the monitoring. A heavy unit can now control by changing the speed of each track independently and turning it on-site. It is not necessary to shake the system constantly by turning only to turn the road; You can run one track faster than the other.

Given the level of electronic control, a direct data connection can be installed to assist the operator to provide remote access from the manufacturer. Not only can performance data be retrieved to solve difficult situations, but programming changes can be made as needed to tailor the performance of the machine to the operator's needs.

Another advantage of the hydro static system is that the pumps can be steplessly controlled directly by the on-board computers, which makes them incredibly controllable.

When a mobile crushing plant shuts off, the flywheels usually continue to run for a few minutes, slowly consuming their stored energy. After gently accelerating the wheels to working speed, the hydrostatic transmission system can easily stop them within seconds. Another benefit of this level of control is that "emergency stop" can cause the entire system to safely stop in seconds.

Today's gear pumps can be precisely controlled by an on-board computer system. When starting the crushing system, the flywheels can be accelerated for a few seconds until they reach the speed without overloading the engine or almost silently. The control system monitors the engine operating parameters in real time. When the power consumption becomes too large, the pump current can be reduced to allow maximum uninterrupted productivity.

But what is the disadvantage of all this? Hydraulic machines are often accused of lack of efficiency, but a well thought-out system can offer more advantages that offset lower overall efficiency. Well, a simple combination of gear pump and motor can reach a 50 to 60% yield when hot and very heavy. However, a modern axial piston transmission pump / motor differs greatly. The efficiency of individual components can be more than 90% provided the system is well designed and thermal management is effective as the system is more efficient in a low oil temperature range.

The oldest open-loop transmissions were filled with more than 1,000 liters of oil, often unloaded and refilled. This is no longer the case, the last-generation hydro static units require a much smaller tank capacity and must be used instead of a filter and an oil change system depending on operating hours or operating hours. Monthly maintenance is based on the conditions of oil extraction. This can significantly reduce maintenance costs.

The mobile crusher was developed in accordance with the new design idea of ​​the rock crushing plant

Which extends the conceptual field of coarse shredding and fine commutation. His design idea is based on customer requirements, eliminating pinpoint errors, environmental conditions and complex basic configurations. This range of mobile crushers provides customers with simpler, more efficient and less expensive machines.

The excellent performance.
1. High-performance jaws, drums and cone crushers equipped with a mobile crusher.
2. The loader, the conveyor belt and the vibrating screen are all in one station
3. Turning the drive shaft is convenient for road traffic and for expanding the workplace.
4. Vehicle assistance is easier to park at the workplace.
5. The generator, the engines and the control box of the vehicle are all contained in the mobile crusher.

Applications and advantages

- Team Integrator Group

The integrated installation of the mobile crusher reduces the need for complex infrastructures and ancillary equipment, reducing material consumption and working hours. The spatial arrangement optimizes the working space, saves space and expands the storage and transport area.

- Flexibility

The chassis of the mobile crusher is high and the turning radius is low, which is more convenient for transportation on normal roads and for the roads of the crushing plant. This saves time to enter the workplace. It is also easy to get a decent job and to provide space for the entire flow of the mill.

- Lower transport costs

The mobile crushing plant can crush materials at the main site and eliminate the transport of the material to the crushing station, thereby reducing transportation costs. In addition, the extended equipment group transports materials directly to the intended conveyor belt.

- Direct and effective operation.

It can be used independently and we can offer a more flexible design, depending on the specific requirements of the customer, such as type of raw material, final size, etc. to meet your needs.

- Easily customizable and flexible for mobile crushers

The plant offers the abbreviation and configuration of cost-effective integration devices. Depending on the shredding system and coarse or fine screening, it can work independently or together. The side hopper provides flexibility in the transport of materials. The diesel generator with integration configuration not only supplies energy, but also, in particular, the flux integrator group.

- Reliable performance and practical maintenance

The crushing plants of the PE, PF or HP series of the mobile crushing plant are characterized by a high refractive index, multi functional products, fine products, a reasonable constructional design and an excellent breaking capacity. Reliable quality best meets the requirements of coarse, medium and fine grinding and screening. Enjoy high reputation at home and abroad. The mobile crushing plant is not only equipped with proven technology and easy maintenance, but also offers good adaptability and safety in terms of volume, material size and erosion. The integration system facilitates installation and maintenance, ensuring longevity and efficiency.

As with almost everything, the most likely time for the Stone breaker is to make the most of it. As it stands, you never know how important something is until you have it or what is needed most. In order to cover high repair costs and production losses, regular maintenance of the rock crushers is required. The most logical measure to maximize the life of the crusher is to design and implement a plan that increases service life, reduces repair costs, and increases production. This can be done by creating a maintenance program for the stone crusher that is respected. Here are five steps to reach your goal.

1. Preventive and predictive maintenance
2. Guide to the right choice and size of industrial crushers

Regular maintenance at intervals increases

There are 3 types of maintenance. Corrective, preventive and predictive maintenance. All differ considerably and are used in different situations. With proper maintenance, nothing is done until something fails. For example, they buy a new car and drive until something breaks down. It makes sense that regular maintenance at intervals increases the life of your vehicle. That's why we have services in our vehicles.





Preventive maintenance is just that; Predefined maintenance plans that occur regardless of the condition of the device. For example, to return to the vehicle, preventive maintenance includes regular fluid checks, safety checks, draining the required oils, and adding new oils. It detects problems before they get worse, and fixes are minor. This usually leads to a reduction in costs and a significant increase in the life of the vehicle. Everything in the industrial world, from pumps to conveyors, crushers and crushers, is the subject of preventive maintenance. This ensures that problems are quickly identified and maintenance can be arranged to replace worn parts before they fail.

Preventive maintenance is not cheap, but it is worthwhile during the life of the device. Downtime is extremely expensive in most applications. By implementing the correct preventive maintenance program, downtime is limited and, as a result, maintenance costs are negligible. Maintenance has changed significantly in the last 10 years. Nowadays, forecasting is the most preferred method of maintenance. Of course some machines are not easy to make and I will explain them below.

As the name suggests, predictive maintenance includes predicting when a machine will fail. Now I do not want to say that you take out a magic wand and make a random assumption: there are many different ways to monitor the status of a machine. These are known as condition monitoring and include vibration analysis, oil analysis, thermal imaging, and ultrasonic measurements. All are non-destructive, fast and very effective.

In many industrial plants, maintenance takes place when you do not need them. For example, pumps can be dismantled as part of a preventive maintenance program. When I found that the pump was in perfect condition, maintenance was a waste of time. What would happen if I could say that the pump is in perfect condition without defusing it? By using the vibration analysis, you can change the vibrations and this indicates the condition of the equipment. As rotating equipment wears, they vibrate more and it is easy to see. You can change the vibration and see its deterioration and plan for maintenance when the device really needs it.

Each of the above types of condition monitoring is self-specialized. If you want to improve maintenance, I'll give you two tips. The first is to make sure you have a quality-controlled Computer-Aided Maintenance Management System (CMMS), and the second is to make sure you're trying to implement preventive maintenance policies. These two suggestions will help you to steer your maintenance in the right direction and increase efficiency, morale and enjoyment in the maintenance departments.

Crusher with equipment

Shredders are machines that use impact, cutting, compression or abrasion to reduce a variety of solid products to a desired particle size range.

A versatile high-quality industrial crusher designed for processing materials such as chemicals, minerals, food, food ingredients, pharmaceuticals and grains, fertilizers, charcoal, soap and more

Tipping crushers are used to reduce the materials to be treated, to remove plugs, to dissolve agglomerates to their original particle size, and to facilitate the unloading of silos and containers. They are also used to improve the flow properties of materials as well as bulk and powder feed. The Pipeline Dumper is used to improve fluid flow, protect pumps, and improve and streamline dissolution and mixing processes.

Trough breakers can reduce hard or soft materials, dry or wet, friable or sticky. The units are designed for applications that require precise performance, superior fit and finish, corrosion or stain resistance, harsh operating conditions, and applications that require high reliability.

The feed material (material introduced into the crusher) may be a solid, a mass, a part or an agglomerate. Franklin Miller mills are available in a variety of models designed for dry, gravity or wet systems. Hackers can be transported online or openly, independently and as part of an overall system. These units can be supplied for low or high temperature environments, as well as for pressure or vacuum systems.

Filled material in silos and silos.

The discharge of bulk materials and powders from a container or silo can often be a major problem, resulting in lost production and high maintenance costs. These flow problems can also cause problems with damming and even failure of containers. The problem arises when the powders are transported as two phases in the container. The material tends to agglomerate or accumulate in the walls of the containers.

The solution

A common solution is the installation of a dump crusher in the dump. This unit attacks and destroys the large solids that cover the landfill. It works almost like a sink that prevents the delivery of large lumps.

Crusher selection

Although crushing is governed by the basic laws of physics, no law or rule replaces the experience and testing of the choice and size of a crusher for a particular application. Choosing a shredder for a particular application depends on several factors, including the following.

Here are some key criteria to consider when choosing a shredder:

• Does the crusher support the maximum capacity required to be handled without excessive load or overload?
• Does the machine accept the total size of the raw material?
• Is the functioning of the device compatible with the properties of the material: brittle, resistant, sticky, abrasive?
• Is the design and construction of the crusher suitable for specific application requirements, eg.
• Does the crusher produce the required particle size?
• Does the crusher produce excessive fines?
• Does the device work with minimal noise or vibration?
• How is the device powered? Transported by gravity, pumped or dropped?
• Does the crusher match the configuration of the connection? Dimensions round or angular?
• Is the crusher suitable for the conditions and the operating temperature?
• Does the device meet the requirements for indoor maintenance and accessibility?
• Does the crusher have sufficient seals for the application?
• Does the supplier evaluate the field service and qualified customer service?
• Is the machine built with high quality materials and workmanship?
• Is the correct configuration of the mill adapted to the available space?

The screening is used to fraction ate bulk materials and separate the composition from the extraction of natural resources, the enrichment of iron ore and coal. This is a special plant complex in which the main role (infertility and eccentric) occupies a special place

1. Vibration screens history.
2. Types of modern vibrating screens.

The first signs of the use of screen technology can be found in Egyptian wall drawings from 1500 BC

The first signs of the use of screen technology can be found in Egyptian wall drawings from 1500 BC. With the advent of the Bronze Age, pigments, salt, metallic minerals and charcoal begin to undergo a detection process. After some time, non-metallic minerals and various chemical components enter the classification. During the European scientific and technological revolution (late 17th century), the popularity of screens for dry separation increased. And since the late 19th century, the selection of mineral materials has been favored by sieve models, predecessors of existing planar vibrational analogues.





The additional technical development followed the introduction of screens with more powerful vibration equipment to obtain more small portions of the classified material. The new high-performance vibratory device achieves working speeds of 700 to 3000 revolutions per minute and the vibration amplitude of the sieve surface is less than 10 mm.

Models of resonance vibration

Modern vibrating screens are eccentric (or rotationally driven by an eccentric mechanism) and the inertia is driven by a vibrator. These include such models of resonance vibration.

The working equipment of vibration inertia screens consists of a sieve or sieve firmly fixed in a box in which the cyclic vibrations are supplied as the material is moved, moved and distributed into fractions. Sieves are usually in 2-3 cells, each lower cell has smaller cells. In the worktop, the screens are made of wire mesh and the extruded sheet steel screen with holes or a set of grids made of steel, rubber or plastic.

The working body of the eccentric vibrating screen also comprises a moving channel with 1, 2 or 3 sieves and 4 bearings, 2 of which are fixed in the fixed frame.

The size of the screen surface as well as the shape and size of the holes affect the screening performance. The screen area of ​​equipment for the construction sector is characterized by a width and length coefficient (1: 2.5). For thick grids this ratio is 1: 2. The performance of the equipment depends on the screen area in the ratio 1: 2.5.

The vibrating sieves are inclined and horizontal (they differ in the position of the screen surface). Raw materials classified horizontally without the aid of gravity. The movement takes place with an inclination of about 45 degrees to the horizontal.

The work of inclined umbrellas is carried out by a circular movement that oscillates in a vertical position.

Using inclined, eccentric and inertial vibrations, commercial fractions and gravel fractions are selected. At the same time, eccentric machines are more productive than others in difficult working conditions in intermediate processes. Regardless of the size of the load, the eccentrics ensure the stability of the vibration amplitude of the channel. In addition, they are easier to isolate.

Horizontal inertial sieves are now mainly used in mobile crushing and screening plants, which despite their small footprint have high filtration rates. As part of the plants, horizontal inertial screens with grids are used for the prior classification of materials. When steel screens or perforated plates are incorporated into the working equipment of the machine, this equipment is used for commercial and intermediate classification.

One promising technique is called resonant vibrating screens. These machines require less power. In addition, the balance of their masses allows the production of models with large screen areas. However, inertial development is currently the most popular type of technology. According to experts, inclined inertia strainers are much more reliable and unpretentious than other types. Inertia counterparts are very effective at sorting bulk solids.

According to GOST 5526-67, the inertial screens are divided by the weight of the load, which is classified as light (GIL), medium (GIS) and heavy (GIT). When labeling the technology, letters and numbers were used. For example, GIS-52. GIS - Average inertia model. The first digit (5) indicates the length of the car. The most commonly used vibrating sieves with a length of 4.5 m. The number 2 indicates the number of sieves, which depends on the work and the size of the material obtained after the selection. The length of the screen depends on the productivity and the surface of the screen.

The sandblaster is suitable for grinding various minerals and rocks of medium hardness such as iron ore, non-ferrous metal minerals, silicon carbide, bauxite, quartz sand, corundum, perlite, basalt and other hard materials.

1. Types of sand.
2. Equipment for sand.
3. Sand production and mining technology.

Type of sand according to its use

Sand is the most varied in composition and origin:

• Natural sand is the result of the destruction and grinding of several rocks, which led to the formation of a special homogeneous substance from small grains.
• Natural sand means according to its origin that its origin and its composition can be alluvial, flood, marine, lacustrine, wind. The sandy beaches created by their activities, such as water and streams, are rounder.
• Heavy artificial sand is a substance consisting of grains of different sizes and fineness, which are obtained and produced by intentionally detaching or grinding several solid rocks.

When talking about building land, there are also several types of sand, namely, that construction workers classify it according to the territorial origin and the treatment that it has received:

• River sand, sand at construction, which is obtained directly at the edge of the channels of several rivers, is characterized by the purity of the sand compared to the remaining sand and, if no other impurities are present, deposits of clay and small stones minor impurities
• The quarry is washed, the sand is extracted, the quarries are excavated and the raw materials of the quarry are crushed, washed and cleaned with various clay deposits and impurities.
• Artificial sand is sown. This sand also occurs in a quarry, but is not washed but dried and filtered through various contaminants and sediments. Produce asphalt
• According to legislation, the structure of the sand corresponds to the definition of this material as a granular inorganic material of a certain size and fineness of the grains whose sand forms after the destruction of several solid rocks, for example rocks. through the development of various deposits, eg gravel,

Every production is always a specific technological process

This always applies to equipment used to manufacture a particular material, raw material or product.
The equipment for sand production is very individual for the entire production of a piece of equipment. Such a large complex for the production and conversion of multiple sands is in various types of industries, such as. In the construction, metallurgy, mining and glass industries and in many other industries. The complex for the production of sand itself consists of such parts:

• Vibratory feeder;
• Break the jaw
• Drum mill;
• Vibrating screen;
• carrier

Another type of sand production equipment that is part of the crushing and screening complex has the following configuration:

• Break the jaw.
• Vibration screens;
• Washing of gravel;
• conveyor;
• Cabinets

The production of sand by direct application of all previous equipment is based on the typical grinding of the rock to the required size and on the composition of the total substance obtained.

A variety of sand has a different purpose and meaning in construction or in another industry

When it comes to quartz sand, sand is very important in modern construction because sand is one of the most important constituents of all mixtures, solutions and substances used in buildings of various types and types. Quartz sand plays an important role in the production of cement and other binders, solutions and materials.

It is used in all constructions such as artificial sand and other natural sands with natural natural quartz origin. The most important and important difference between artificial sand and natural sand is that artificial sand is obtained by grinding a variety of rocks. At the same time, its composition is completely different from natural sand.

The method of making sand is quite expensive, as the desired amount of material is difficult to estimate. At the same time it is very profitable if everything converges and natural sand is not enough.

The technology of producing sand, or rather dry quartz sand, always involves several rather complex stages. The steps of sand production are as follows:

• Mining of rocks;
• Purification and treatment of rocks;
• Sanding and excretion of sand; Dry the sand;
• Sand splitting for fine and coarse sand;
• Dosage of materials;
• Packaging of the received material.

Several studies have shown that most mining costs are spent on transporting material. When looking at the cost chain, from drilling and blasting to the storage of large crushed material, transportation is generally 40-60%. So, if you're looking for resources, you can cut costs. The transport process must therefore be carefully analyzed. A comparison of the cost of transporting rocks on the road and in traffic shows that they can save up to 70-80%.

It is well known that the original material of the rock to be conveyed by conveyors is usually milled to the maximum size of a work piece, usually 300 to 400 mm. This demand led in the 1950s to the development of semi-mobile and mobile equipment for large scale crushing. The design of such machines was initially a "solid breaker that was converted to a mobile device", which made them very heavy and difficult to move. In general, these machines have changed installation locations once or twice during one working month.

Since the mid-1980s, the situation in the non-metallic industry has been similar to that in other areas of mining. Almost all major breakers were stationary or mobile in a mobile chassis. In 1985, the world has already seen a new type of mobile tracking device that meets the needs of non-metallic material manufacturers who often transport their equipment on public roads. On this basis, larger and more productive crushers were created to maintain high mobility. These machines move around the plant during the day and open up new possibilities for planning the field development and loading possibilities for the material to be conveyed.

Table of content
1. Production costs.
    1.1 Transport distance.
    1.2. Annual productivity of the company..
    1.3 Environment and job security..
    1.4 Dismantling report.
    1.5 Operational flexibilityt.
    1.6 Line of mobile crushers.
2. Perforation and rays in mass.
     2.1 Load
     2.2 Crusher loading methods
     2.3 Backhoe
     2.4 Wheel loaders
3. Dump Truck
4. Impact on mining planning
5. You can list a few points


One of the criteria for the evaluation of a transport system is the cost of the end products. Below is a comparison of the cost of transporting products via conveyor belts and vehicles with an analysis of their sensitivity to various operational factors.

The use of conveyor belts can be used for long distances

On the other hand, the fleet of dump trucks is limited both in terms of minimum and maximum distance of freight traffic, and at short distances it often does not fully exploit the potential of its performance:

- With a delivery distance of 1.0 km, the price difference of one tonne of products is extremely remarkable and the reimbursement will be reached in about 2 years.





- At the time of delivery at a distance of 5 km, the cost of transporting a tonne of freight is even lower than for road transport. Due to the large capital investment, the recovery phase increases at about 15 years.

Since then, the number of mobile crushers in the caterpillar used in the industry has increased. In the production of non-metallic materials, for example, three-stage crushing and sieving complexes are not uncommon.

Rising fuel prices and expensive truck tires have a negative impact on production costs. Properly used, mobile crushing and screening equipment, in combination with the transportation of the conveyor equipment, provide the undeniable advantage of using all equipment.

With increasing annual transport volume, the competitiveness of conveyor belts increases

This can be explained by the fact that relatively little investment in the extension of the transport of conveyors can significantly increase their productivity.  The payback period has been reduced to about 8 years.
The value of the total inclination angle of the transport route.

The steeper the ascent, the greater the advantage of a conveyor system. This is mainly due to a decrease in speed and increased fuel consumption of dump trucks when driving on roads with higher elevation angles. On the other hand, conveyor belts require high performance units to overcome steep climbs. Figure 4 shows the transport costs of 1.0 million tons of iron ore per year over a distance of 5.0 km on the roads with an increase of 8%. Under these conditions, the repayment period is also already shortened in about four years.

Reducing the use of automobiles will still reduce the negative impact of mining on the environment

Trucks are the main cause of harmful effects in the form of exhaust fumes, dust and noise. According to international agreements, the permissible emission levels of diesel engines have been significantly reduced, but the effects are increasing. Replacing lorries with electrically operated conveyors completely eliminates these harmful emissions. For example, the dust generated during the movement of vehicles can be removed with water, however, these measures require expensive equipment and never eliminate the problem. Conversely, conveyor belts with dust protection solve the dust problem.

At the same time, moving the dump truck poses a constant threat to the health of a nearby person. Therefore, road and quarry accidents still occur, regardless of compliance with safety regulations. However, to be fair, it should be kept in mind that conveyor belts that significantly reduce industrial risk do not completely eliminate it.


To organize the efficient operation of dump trucks in a quarry, a mountain is much larger than required for the installation and maintenance of conveyor belts. When a sloped deposit is being developed, the sides of the well bore may be exposed to higher angles, thereby reducing the overload coefficient and final excavation volume. In developing some careers, this can have a critical impact on production costs.

Mobile operations are needed because of excavations in different places

Mobile crushers are extremely versatile for two reasons:

• They are the equipment of the standard model range of most manufacturers and as a result the delivery orders will go through fairly quickly.
• You can easily move from one object to another and get up quickly after the next move.

These advantages make these machines ideal for restrained quarries, as they do not interrupt the production process when a fixed or semi-moving shredder is rechecked or moved. They can also be used to grind materials used in the construction of infrastructure, roads, dams and underground cavities.

A mobile rough-grinding installation model

When considering the ability to use and select a mobile rough-grinding installation model, the following factors should be considered:

- Strength and abrasiveness of rocks: determines the type of crusher used;
- The size of the maximum power part: determines the required size of the breaker input;

The grain size composition of the food: determines the proportion of the volume in the feed stream which can be omitted in the first stage mill;

- Required capacity: Determines the type and size of the crusher, the feeder and the unloading conveyor.
- Required product size: determines the type and size of the crusher;
- Type and method of download: Determines the size and design of the receiving bunker.





Impact of complete mobile crushers with conveyor belts in operation and extraction process
The use of transport systems, consisting of mobile mobile crushers and conveyor belts, has a decisive influence on all technological processes and extraction processes.


The requirements for additional mineral processing do not depend on the type of crusher used for larger shredding: stationary or mobile. For a mobile crusher as for a stationary crusher, the ratio between the size of the drip hopper and the maximum size of the rock fed to the primary crushing operation is compelling. These proportions are the same for both types of crushers.

Mobile crushers and conveyor belts is particularly effective

Despite the high mobility of the Lokotrack and Lokolink conveyors, every movement is associated with the inevitable technological decommissioning of the entire complex. One of the real ways to reduce the number of movements of the entire complex is to increase the width of the processed input. This method is associated with the need to increase the number of exploding well pipelines. The system of mobile crushers and conveyor belts is particularly effective for the development of large shelves and a large number of wells working simultaneously. This last factor has a particularly important influence on the productivity of the digging machine and the load installed on the face.


As mentioned above, the relatively high mobility of the Lokotrack and Lokolink systems does not preclude effective work with excavators equipped with implements, such as front loaders and backhoe loaders. In addition, high performance wheel loaders with a bucket can also be effectively used to load coarse grinding crushers.


Currently, the load is carried on a rail with excavators in most large breakers. Small Models This type of machine is widely used in the industry because it offers obvious advantages in terms of specific productivity calculated per unit of work time for a number of factors:

- Easy control of excessive size in the chuck (because the operator sees the bucket filling process);
- a permanent overview of the grill conveyor, as the shovel is placed on the pile of stones. This helps to maintain the required loading of the grill material.

The size of the excavator can be selected to meet the capacity required to load the crusher.
In most cases, the use of excavators with equipment such as an excavator is considered to ensure the lowest possible loading costs.

When a crawler excavator is moved forward to a crawler excavator, its model is selected according to the working parameters of the machine: bucket capacity, radius and height of the unloading bucket, radio and height excavation. In normal operation, this usually results in the selection of a large bucket. Controlling the size of the crusher material loaded in the bucket and advancing the rock mass to the crusher is not as easy as using a backhoe.

The dredger works best to load the crusher evenly and finely into the hopper. With such packages, an excavator usually develops the best charging performance. The bucket "direct bucket" is at the same level as an excavator in terms of excavation work.

Wheel loaders have their own capacity

The wheel loader is inferior to both types of excavators in terms of the capacity and size of the excavation effort removed, as well as the oversize control of the crushing feed. Due to the ability of the loaders to direct the rocks into the bucket to the crusher silo, the use can increase the displacement capacity of a large crusher that is between 3 and 5 times. Hours 2-3 turns. , whereby the production time of the grinding complex is increased. The wheel loaders can also mix several rock surfaces (in the middle mode), whereby the optimum composition of the feed of the crusher can be achieved, while the maximum conveying distance of the rocks in the bucket of the loader (almost equivalent) is ensured). Crusher transfer) from 75 to 100 m.

When using a shovel loader mounted on the wheel, it is usually necessary to build a sloped ramp to load the standard shredder onto a line equipped with a grate feeder to allow the rock to pass from the bucket of the loader to the receiver unloaded. Funnel A boom of this type is usually cast from crushed rock and for half an hour of work, which is technically quite acceptable given the frequency of breaker movements. Higher productivity of the grinding complex requires the use of a plate loader to reduce the loading height and thus the cycle time of the loader.

Dump truck is a material transport but its capacity is limited

Typically, large standard caterpillar breakers have no receptacles to allow the direct discharge of rocks from the garbage truck. However, the possibility of such work organization can bring some benefits to the technology of mining production, especially at the beginning of a career development. This can occur, for example, when opening a new horizon in a quarry if there is sufficient space for the installation and operation of mobile crushers and conveyor belts.

It may also be technologically justified if the amount of rock mined in isolated parts of the quarry makes it economically impossible to dispose of waste into the quarry's transport system. In such situations, a large standard-way crusher may be fitted with an additional special bunker for the ground that can hold material dumped from the dump truck's trough.

Using conveyor belts greatly reduces material transportation costs

The indisputable advantage of road transport in a quarry is, as we know, its technological flexibility, as the original shredded material, with its help, can always be delivered from the sides, which are located somewhere in the mine. Of course this applies as long as there is a network of internal access roads on each side. The transport rate of the landfill of the mountainous mass of the quarry has no significant effect, for example when one or more garbage trucks stop working. These shutdowns can be easily eliminated at the expense of the reserve machines available in the quarry to keep the company's production capacity at least at a certain level.

Coarse shredding systems and conveyor belts are not that flexible. Mobile crushers for coarse crushing and moving conveyor belts are easy to move in the quarry, but the entire quarry transport system prevents a rapid change in the mode of operation of all transports. For this reason, mine planning is probably the only place where the use of coarse sanding systems and belt conveyors appears most critical.

The planning of the gradual progression of each horizon as well as a plan to place multiple sections of the career transport system has been developed over the years. At the same time he tries to minimize the frequency of movement of the conveyor belts.
General considerations on the efficiency of the crusher and the means of transport.

However, if the conditions for developing a particular domain do not meet the above requirements, there are ways to successfully implement the systems under consideration.


- Combine mobile equipment for large crushing and conveyor belts that work on two or three adjacent strips in a common system.
- The use of two or more parallel systems. This principle makes it possible to mix the starting material with different qualities that are extracted on different surfaces by expanding the theoretical productivity range of the opencast mines and improving the availability factor of the equipment.
- The possibility of uniting the mountain mass coming from camps or different faces through the energy system of the tunnel in one stream.

Recommendations

Mobile shredding systems and conveyor systems are characterized by certain limitations, mainly due to their operational flexibility, compared to transport in dump trucks. In many cases, however, these limitations do not play an important role or can be overcome by professional and innovative mining planning. With a carefully reviewed system application, the costs for mineral extraction can be significantly reduced. Therefore, it is very important for mining companies to determine the possibility of using the system at an early stage of the modernization of existing production or in a completely new project.